ER-model, relational model, relational algebra, tuple calculus, SQL, integrity constraints, normal forms, file organization, indexing (B, B+ trees), transactions, concurrency control.
Entity-Relationship model: entities, attributes, relationships, keys.
Tables (relations), attributes, tuples, keys (candidate, primary, foreign), integrity constraints.
Operators: select (σ), project (π), join (⨝), union, difference, rename (ρ), Cartesian product.
Non-procedural query language: {t | condition(t)}.
Structured Query Language: DDL, DML, DCL, queries (SELECT, JOIN, GROUP BY, HAVING, subqueries).
Domain constraint, key constraint, entity integrity, referential integrity, check constraints.
1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF, 5NF; decomposition, lossless join, dependency preservation.
Heap file, sorted file, hashed file, clustered file organization.
Search key, primary index, secondary index, dense/sparse, multilevel.
Balanced tree indexes: B-tree and B+tree, search, insert, delete.
ACID properties: atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability; states: active, committed, aborted.
Locking (2PL), timestamp ordering, validation-based protocols, deadlock handling.