510 marks

Properties of solids and liquids

This chapter deals with the elastic properties of solids and the mechanical properties of fluids, including viscosity and surface tension.

27 Topics

45h prep

3.3% subject weight

27 Topics

Elastic behaviour

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaAbility of body to regain original shape after removal of deforming force.

Stress-strain relationship

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaStress ∝ strain (Hooke's law) within elastic limit.

Hooke's Law

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaStress = Young's modulus × strain.

Young's modulus

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaY = (F/A) / (ΔL/L)

Bulk modulus

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaB = -ΔP/(ΔV/V)

Modulus of rigidity

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaG = Shear stress / Shear strain = (F/A)/(Δx/L)

Pressure due to a fluid column

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaP = hρg

Pascal's law and its applications

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPressure applied to enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished. Applications: hydraulic lift, brake.

Viscosity

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaViscous force F = ηA(dv/dy)

Terminal velocity

2m3/10

📌 Key Formulav_t = (2/9) r² (ρ - σ)g / η

Streamline flow

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFlow where velocity at a point is constant over time.

Reynolds number

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaRe = ρvD/η, determines laminar or turbulent flow.

Bernoulli's principle and its applications

2m4/10

📌 Key FormulaP + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant, applications: venturimeter, atomizer, airplane lift.

Surface energy

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaSurface energy = Work done to increase surface area.

Angle of contact

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaAngle between tangent to liquid surface and solid surface at point of contact.

Heat

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaForm of energy transfer due to temperature difference.

Temperature

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaMeasure of average kinetic energy of molecules.

Thermal expansion

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaΔL = L₀ α ΔT, ΔA = A₀ β ΔT, ΔV = V₀ γ ΔT, β≈2α, γ≈3α

Specific heat capacity

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaQ = mcΔT

Calorimetry

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPrinciple of heat exchange: Heat lost = Heat gained.

Change of state

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaLatent heat: Q = mL

Latent heat

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaL = Q/m

Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaConduction: Q/t = kA(ΔT/L), Convection: by fluid motion, Radiation: by electromagnetic waves.

Newton's law of cooling

2m3/10

📌 Key FormuladT/dt = -k(T - T₀)

Capillary rise

2m2/10

📌 Key Formulah = 2S cos θ / (ρgr)

Application of surface tension - drops, bubbles

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaExcess pressure in drop/bubble.

Turbulent flow

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaRe > 4000, chaotic flow.

510 marks

Properties of solids and liquids

This chapter deals with the elastic properties of solids and the mechanical properties of fluids, including viscosity and surface tension.

27 Topics

45h prep

3.3% subject weight

27 Topics

Elastic behaviour

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaAbility of body to regain original shape after removal of deforming force.

Stress-strain relationship

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaStress ∝ strain (Hooke's law) within elastic limit.

Hooke's Law

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaStress = Young's modulus × strain.

Young's modulus

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaY = (F/A) / (ΔL/L)

Bulk modulus

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaB = -ΔP/(ΔV/V)

Modulus of rigidity

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaG = Shear stress / Shear strain = (F/A)/(Δx/L)

Pressure due to a fluid column

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaP = hρg

Pascal's law and its applications

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPressure applied to enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished. Applications: hydraulic lift, brake.

Viscosity

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaViscous force F = ηA(dv/dy)

Terminal velocity

2m3/10

📌 Key Formulav_t = (2/9) r² (ρ - σ)g / η

Streamline flow

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaFlow where velocity at a point is constant over time.

Reynolds number

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaRe = ρvD/η, determines laminar or turbulent flow.

Bernoulli's principle and its applications

2m4/10

📌 Key FormulaP + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant, applications: venturimeter, atomizer, airplane lift.

Surface energy

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaSurface energy = Work done to increase surface area.

Angle of contact

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaAngle between tangent to liquid surface and solid surface at point of contact.

Heat

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaForm of energy transfer due to temperature difference.

Temperature

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaMeasure of average kinetic energy of molecules.

Thermal expansion

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaΔL = L₀ α ΔT, ΔA = A₀ β ΔT, ΔV = V₀ γ ΔT, β≈2α, γ≈3α

Specific heat capacity

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaQ = mcΔT

Calorimetry

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaPrinciple of heat exchange: Heat lost = Heat gained.

Change of state

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaLatent heat: Q = mL

Latent heat

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaL = Q/m

Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaConduction: Q/t = kA(ΔT/L), Convection: by fluid motion, Radiation: by electromagnetic waves.

Newton's law of cooling

2m3/10

📌 Key FormuladT/dt = -k(T - T₀)

Capillary rise

2m2/10

📌 Key Formulah = 2S cos θ / (ρgr)

Application of surface tension - drops, bubbles

2m2/10

📌 Key FormulaExcess pressure in drop/bubble.

Turbulent flow

2m1/10

📌 Key FormulaRe > 4000, chaotic flow.