Basics of ecology, ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, biomes, biodiversity, and conservation.
Fundamental principles of ecology including levels of organization.
Structure, function, energy flow, and nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, water, and sulphur cycles.
Major terrestrial biomes and their characteristics.
Marine and freshwater ecosystems and their biodiversity.
Types, levels, and measurement of biodiversity.
In-situ and ex-situ conservation methods.
Deforestation, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change.
Groundwater depletion, pollution, and water stress in India.
Mining impacts on environment and sustainable practices.
Causes, effects, and control measures of deforestation.
Solid waste, e-waste, plastic waste management rules.
Brundtland definition and SDGs linkage.
Air, water, soil, noise, and thermal pollution types and control.
Rules, segregation, treatment, and disposal methods.
Mangroves, coral reefs, and coastal regulation zone.
Latest environmental policies, acts, and international commitments.
EIA process, stages, and significance in project approval.
Key acts like EPA, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act.
MoEFCC, CPCB, SPCB, and international bodies.
Major environmental conservation schemes and missions.
UNEP, UNFCCC, CBD, and major conventions.
Greenhouse effect, global warming causes and effects.
Urban heat island effect and sustainable urban planning.
Methane emissions, deforestation for farming.
Health impacts of rising temperatures and extreme weather.