Geomorphology, origin of earth, interior, earthquakes, volcanoes, landforms, climatology, oceanography, and biogeography.
Landforms formation processes and agents.
Big bang theory and formation of solar system.
Geological time scale and major evolutionary events.
Major geological events and supercontinent cycles.
Theories of origin of life and early evolution.
Eras, periods, and major events timeline.
Crust, mantle, core layers and their properties.
Causes, types, measurement, and distribution.
Types, distribution, and volcanic landforms.
Weathering, erosion, and deposition agents.
Continental drift and ocean floor features.
Plate boundaries, movements, and associated features.
Fluvial, glacial, aeolian, karst landforms.
Atmospheric circulation, climate classification, and weather systems.
Ocean currents, salinity, temperature, and marine resources.
Surface and groundwater resources, conservation.
Distribution of plants and animals, biodiversity patterns.
Soil formation, types, profile, and conservation.
Forest types in India, classification, and conservation.
Natural vegetation, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.